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void setup(): This is a built-in function in Arduino programming. The code inside the setup()
function runs once when the program starts. It is used for an initial setup, like defining pin
modes.

pinMode(7, INPUT): This line sets pin 7 as an input. This means that pin 7 will read signals,
specifically from the light sensor (photoresistor), to detect if it is dark or light.
Serial.begin(9600): This initialises serial communication at a baud rate of 9600, allowing the
Arduino to send data to the serial monitor for debugging or monitoring purposes.

pinMode(8, OUTPUT): This line sets pin 8 as an output. Pin 8 will send signals to control the
LED or smart lamp.

void loop(): The loop() function runs repeatedly after the setup() function. It continuously
reads the sensor data and controls the lamp based on whether it is light or dark.
Nightsensor = digitalRead(7): This line reads the value from the light sensor (photoresistor)

connected to pin 7. If it is dark, the sensor returns 0; if it is light, the sensor returns 1.
Serial.println(Nightsensor): This prints the value of the Nightsensor to the serial monitor.
It shows whether the sensor detects light (1) or dark (0).

if (Nightsensor == 0): This condition checks if it is dark (Nightsensor == 0 means it’s dark).
If true, it turns on the LED (lamp).

digitalWrite(8, HIGH): If it is dark, this sends a HIGH signal to pin 8, turning on the LED or lamp
connected to that pin.
else: If the sensor detects light (Nightsensor == 1), it proceeds to the else block.

digitalWrite(8, LOW): This sends a LOW signal to pin 8, turning off the LED or lamp.
delay(10): This pauses the program for 10 milliseconds, allowing the system to work without

running too quickly and improving simulation performance.
After completing all the steps and connecting the components, your smart lamp will be ready to
automatically turn on when it’s dark and off when it’s light. You have successfully built a simple,

energy-efficient system using Arduino and sensors.

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Discuss how smart circuits, like automatic street lights, help save energy and contribute to the creation
of sustainable smart cities. How do these systems function to reduce
energy usage and support environmental sustainability? social science

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Designing Circuits with Tinkercad